def f():
    setattr(f, "x", getattr(f, "x", 0) + 1)
    f.f = f
    return f
x = f()()().f.f.f().f.x
print(x)

class A:
    __x = 1

a = A()

class A:
    __x = 1
    def f(self):
        return "f from A"
    
    def g(self):
        return "g from A"

class B:
    __x = 2
    def f(self):
        return "f from B"
    
    def g(self):
        return "g from B"

class C(A, B):
    f = B.f
    
c = C()
print(c.f(), c.g(), c._A__x, c._B__x)

def intersect(*seqs):
    if len(seqs) > 2:
        return intersect(seqs[0], intersect(*seqs[1:]))
    seq1, seq2 = seqs[0], seqs[1]
    res = []
    for x in seq1:
        if x in seq2:
            res.append(x)    
    return res

x = intersect([1, 2, "a", "b"], (1, 4, "b"), {1, "b", "c"}) 
print(x)

def f(n):
    return 0 if n == 0 else 2**n + f(n-1)
print(f(3))

def f():
    x = 1
    y = 1
    def g():
        nonlocal x
        x, y = 2, 2
    g()
    print(x, y)

f()

try:
    my_x = 1
    raise Exception('исключение') #1
except Exception as my_err:
    print(my_err)                 #2
    my_y = 2
print(my_x)                       #3
print(my_y)                       #4
print(my_err)                     #5

x = 1
def f1():
    return x
def f2():
    global x
    x = 2
    return x
def f3():
    global x
    return x
print(f1(), f2(), f3(), f1())

#testmod.py
x = 0
def f1():
    x = 10
def f2():
    global x
    x += 1   
def f3():
    import testmod
    testmod.x += 1
def f4():
    import sys
    sys.modules["testmod"].x += 1

#runmod.py
import testmod as t
t.f1();t.f2();t.f3();t.f4()
print(t.x)

def maker(n):
    s = 0
    def g(x=n):
        nonlocal s
        s += x
        return s
    return lambda x: s + x + g()
f = maker(2)
print(f(3), f(3))